Dm All Roles With A Message

If you've got Type 1 diabetes, your physique has attacked your pancreas, destroying the cells that make insulin. If you've got Type 2 diabetes, your pancreas makes insulin, however doesn't work because it should. In some individuals with Type 2 diabetes, insulin could be essential to assist glucose transfer out of your bloodstream to your body's cells the place it's essential for energy. You could or could not want insulin when you've got gestational diabetes. Type 1 DM was induced in mice at thirteen wk of age with an injection of streptozotocin (STZ; Sigma-Aldrich) at one hundred twenty five mg/kg via the penile dorsal vein to induce insulin-deficient sort 1 DM. We used solely male mice in our examine to supply secure and reproducible hyperglycemia with a average dose of STZ to steer clear of high-dose STZ-related renal toxicity, which was troublesome to breed in feminine mice.

Mice with blood glucose degrees stabilized spherical 300 ± 50 mg/dL have been used for the subsequent step. At sixteen wk of age, BP telemetry transmitters have been implanted within the mice, adopted by 7 days of recovery. Mean arterial strain , coronary heart fee , foodstuff intake, urine output, urinary albumin excretion, and blood glucose have been measured 24 h/day for five consecutive days as baseline manage interval values. At 19 wk of age, AC or sham surgical procedures have been performed, adopted by a different 7 days of recovery. MAP, HR, foodstuff intake, urine output, urinary albumin excretion, and blood glucose have been measured for three consecutive days at 2 and eight wk after the AC or sham surgery. At 28 wk of age, complete glomerular filtration fee was measured, adopted by measurements of separate left and appropriate kidney GFR and urinary albumin excretion.

Both kidneys have been harvested on the top of the in vivo experiment and saved for morphology, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry experiments (Fig. 1A). Deletion of TRPC6 markedly attenuated renal dysfunction and decreased apoptotic cell damage in glomeruli and tubules of kidneys uncovered to hyperglycemia and excessive BP. However, the molecular mechanisms by which HTN-induced mechanical forces work together with excessive glucose to advertise apoptosis and renal damage are nonetheless not absolutely understood and warrant additional investigation.

Furthermore, the roles of TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ inflow in contributing to damage of various renal cell populations when DM and HTN coexist are unclear. Investigating the influence of TRPC6 deletion in targeted renal cells and the molecular pathways affected will supply further insights into the pathogenesis of kidney damage in DM and HTN. However, a significant implication of our examine is that simultaneous tight manipulate of HTN and hyperglycemia might be required to sluggish or hinder the development of diabetic nephropathy. Inhibition of TRPC6 activation might additionally be a possible therapeutic technique for diabetic nephropathy. You can manipulate a profile's entry to discrepancy assessment standing sorts and particular person discrepancy fields by setting its privileges. By default, a brand new profile has no replace privileges; you will need to add assessment standing codes, after which discrepancy subject values to every grasp profile.

To open the Privileges for DM Master Profile window, from the Admin menu, choose Discrepancy Mgmt Admin, after which choose Profile Administration. Select a grasp profile, then click on the Privileges button. These could contain using antibiotics and antiviral agents, the speed of influenza vaccination and bacterial vaccination, and demographic and social factors. For example, aged individuals in nursing houses are in danger for pneumonia as a result of enteric organisms and typically by drug-resistant nosocomial organisms. The unfold of micro organism similar to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and exceptionally pathogenic clones of Streptococcus pyogenes pose extra common negative aspects .

By default, the DISCREPANCY NO OTHER UPDATE codelist has no values. All customers can replace discrepancies with a standing of OTHER. To preclude customers from updating OTHER discrepancies, you add a number of consumer roles to the codelist.

Uncontrolled diabetes can trigger persistently excessive blood glucose levels. This, in turn, results in blood vessel harm and restricted flow, and oxygen and nutrition can't get to the cells that want it – together with hair follicles. Stress may trigger hormone degree alterations that influence hair growth. If you could have Type 1 diabetes, your immune system assaults itself and may trigger a hair loss situation referred to as alopecia areata. Scientists don't have agency solutions however but there seems to be a correlation between listening to loss and diabetes.

According to the American Diabetes Association, a current research observed that listening to loss was twice as generic in individuals with diabetes versus these that didn't have diabetes. Also, the speed of listening to loss in individuals with prediabetes was 30% larger in contrast with these that had natural blood glucose levels. Scientists suppose diabetes damages the blood vessels within the inside ear, however extra investigation is needed. A current research has proven that prime glucose reduces podocin protein stages by activating TRPC6 and induces morphological adjustments of cultured podocytes .

TRPC6 might increase activation of calpain, a Ca2+-dependent protease, that contributes to podocyte damage applying an in vitro podocyte mannequin . Therefore, additional research are vital to work out the precise roles of TRPC6 in glomerular capillary endothelial cells, podocytes, and tubular cells in promotion kidney injury. These effects recommend that transient receptor potential cation channel 6 might play a crucial position in contributing to the interplay of diabetes and hypertension to advertise kidney injury. Field, enter the identify of the discrepancy status—as it seems within the DISCREPANCY REV STATUS CODE codelist—to which you wish customers of the position laid out within the reference codelist identify to have the ability to route discrepancies. The codelist ought to comprise a brief worth entry of UNREVIEWED.

The Active determine field akin to the worth should be selected. The Can Change Review Status To part comprises the allowable values for the assessment standing if it might be updated. The Own Manual Only flag identifies allowable values for the Review Status area for guide discrepancy information owned by the identical group because the present user. For example, you would specify that customers of the CRA profile might solely shut discrepancies that they manually created.

Profile customers can customise their profiles, and thereby modify their views of the discrepancy database. You manipulate the extent to which they'll modify a profile by locking or unlocking every criterion. The locks are packing containers that, in single-view mode reside between every criterion identify and its field, and in multi-view mode reside to the ideal of every criterion's field. (See Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2 for examples of every view mode, with diagonal arrows indicating the field positions.) The lock prevents customers from modifying the default profile settings.

If you don't lock a profile criterion, a profile consumer can override the profile's default setting. MITAX willpower was made even as NVC picture acquisition by a single observer. MITAX scoring was confirmed to be in keeping with their essential treating physicians' intention to deal with with subsequent alterations in illness management. Disease endeavor was thought of current for a given area for any rating of 1 or greater. Detection of myositis unique antibodies was carried out by the Mitogen Advanced Diagnostics Laboratory, Calgary, Canada.

CRP and CK assays have been measured by Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Canada utilizing Beckman Coulter DxC 800 Synchron assays. Complete blood counts, alanine aminotransferase and complete bilirubin stages have been measured in some sufferers receiving methotrexate for toxicity monitoring. As not all sufferers have been receiving methotrexate, and these outcomes weren't routinely measured for all affected person and never included in evaluation of infirmity activity.

If you haven't been identified with diabetes, it's best to see your healthcare supplier when you've got any signs and indicators of diabetes. If you've already got been identified with diabetes, it's best to contact your supplier in case your blood glucose degrees are outdoors of your goal range, if existing signs and indicators worsen or in case you develop any new symptoms. The DM phenotype after STZ injection was confirmed by drastically extended blood glucose degrees in WT and TRPC6 KO mice. 1B, blood glucose degrees in WT mice averaged 340 ± eighty mg/dL within the DM group and 302 ± forty five mg/dL within the DM + AC group on the baseline in contrast with 132 ± 5 mg/dL in saline-injected mice.

Blood glucose degrees have been maintained at related degrees when measured as soon as more at 2 and eight wk after the AC or sham surgery. In TRPC6 KO mice, typical blood glucose degrees have been 303 ± 35 mg/dL within the DM group and 312 ± 33 mg/dL within the DM + AC group on the baseline in contrast with 151 ± 6 mg/dL in saline-injected mice (Fig. 1C). Blood glucose degrees in every group of TRPC6 KO mice at 2 and eight wk after the AC or sham surgical procedure have been maintained at degrees a dead ringer for these noticed in WT mice on the identical time points. Fasting blood glucose degrees have been measured utilizing glucose strips . Fasting plasma insulin and leptin concentrations have been measured with ELISA (R&D Systems and Crystal Chem, respectively). Urine albumin degrees have been decided with ELISA from urine collected for seventy two h in mice positioned in metabolic cages or urine collected within the course of the separate kidney GFR measurements.

By default, the fields get their listing of values from a database view that references the native reference codelists DISC_FLEX1_VALUES and DISC_FLEX2_VALUES. You can populate these reference codelists to create lists of values for the 2 fields. In addition to defining entry to discrepancy particulars within the Profile Criteria fields, one can additional restrict knowledge entry by getting into SQL statements within the SQL Text section. To hinder customers from bypassing the SQL statements, examine the locking field for every entry.

(In single-view mode, the locking field is to the appropriate of the SQL Text label. In multi-view mode, the locking field is to the left of the SQL Text column's fields.) Your SQL statements have a measurement restrict of 2000 characters. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have modified the remedy panorama for a lot of tumor types, significantly within the metastatic setting. Since the primary Food and Drug Administration approval in 2011, the tempo of discovery has improved dramatically.

While meaningful, sturdy responses are achieved in some patients, nearly all of sufferers don't respond. Thus, predictive biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade are needed. To date, the seek for predictive biomarkers has been difficult given the dynamic interaction between these antibodies and the immune microenvironment and the heterogeneity of immune milieu in several tumor sorts . The most often studied biomarker, PD-L1 protein expression on both tumor or immune cells, emerged early situated on the mechanism of interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 . PD-L1 is expressed on quite a lot of usual and immune cell sorts and is far extra generally current than PD-L2 .

Tumor cells have additionally adopted this PD-1/PD-L1 mechanism to suppress immune surveillance and facilitate tumor progress . Thus, using immune checkpoint blockade significantly in sufferers with tumor and tumor-infiltrating immune cell inhabitants expressing PD-L1 has been of important interest. TableI'm no extra lively because…Ways to make it work…it's simply too hard.If you assume that being extra lively means hours on the gym, it's simply not true! You can commence by on foot for 10 minutes after dinner, progressively construct as much as half-hour most days.…the outcomes take too long.Some advantages commence precise away, even when they don't appear apparent to you.

Check your blood sugar earlier than and after you're taking a walk. If you keep it up over time , you are going to notice extra apparent results.…it's simply not fun.It could very well be a number of enjoyable in the event you discover an recreation you enjoy. Try doing a brand new recreation a few occasions earlier than deciding whether or not to proceed with that activity. Try one factor else.…it fees too much.The fees for fitness center memberships and health courses can add up. For example, take the steps in preference to the elevator, play exterior together with your children, rise up and transfer for the period of TV commercials.

Try to slot in a minimum of 20 to 25 minutes of exercise each day, which can assist it turn into a habit.…I'm simply too old.It's not at all too late to begin out being extra active! Low-impact things to do like pool on foot and swimming are examples. Talk to your future health care issuer about things to do that you simply could do to get started.…I'm too out of shape.Start slowly, and work your approach as much as your required level. Add basic things to do to your lifestyle like on foot to your mailbox, or when you're operating errands park a bit farther from the door. Yes, it's attainable to develop complications or dizziness in case your blood glucose degree is simply too low – typically under 70 mg/dL. Bariatric surgical procedure is one extra healing choice that's an oblique healing for diabetes.

Bariatric surgical procedure is an choice when you've got Type 2 diabetes, are overweight and thought of an excellent candidate for one of these surgery. Much improved blood glucose ranges are seen in persons that have misplaced a big quantity of weight. TRPC6 expression is present in a number of cell varieties within the kidney, together with podocytes, mesangial cells, renal tubular cells, and probably renovascular clean muscle cells . TRPC6 is usually expressed in many different different cell types, akin to neurons and immune cells, together with macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils (47–49).

One limitation of our research is that world KO of TRPC6 might affect a number of cell varieties that usually exhibit TRPC6, which can contribute to BP regulation and the event of kidney injury. Dietrich et al. reported extended vascular clean muscle contractility in TRPC6 KO with extended MAP in distinction with WT mice. In contrast, Ding et al. confirmed that H2O2 stimulated a dose-dependent constriction of the aortas from WT mice however not from the vessels of TRPC6 KO mice. In addition, Eckel et al. confirmed that TRPC6-deficient mice had usual BP and albumin excretion rates, which matches with our current study. These apparently conflicting outcomes might be attributable to variations in age or strategies used to quantify these variables. These observations might mirror a extra complicated position for TRPC6 in a number of organs or cell populations.

Our examine confirmed that TRPC6 contributes to kidney damage induced by DM and HTN; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms are nonetheless unclear, and future research making use of tissue-specific TRPC6 KO mice are warranted. We current within the current examine that eight wk of HTN, within the absence of DM, induced solely minimal albuminuria and renal damage in WT or TRPC6 KO mice within the absence of DM. In contrast, the left kidneys of WT-DM + AC mice, which have been uncovered to hyperglycemia and average BP, had solely slight renal dysfunction and damage a dead ringer for the kidneys on top of things WT-DM mice.

Dm All Roles With A Message A main new discovering of our examine is that the mixture of average DM and HTN promoted marked renal dysfunction, albuminuria, and apoptotic cell damage and that these resultseasily have been tremendously ameliorated by TRPC6 deficiency. Although average DM within the absence of HTN triggered minimal renal injury, substantial kidney damage was obvious in just eight wk when DM coexisted with average will improve in BP in WT mice. In mice with TRPC6 deficiency, the renal dysfunction, albuminuria, glomerular injury, and apoptosis in kidneys uncovered to equally HTN and hyperglycemia have been tremendously attenuated. These findings recommend that TRPC6 could have a crucial position in mediating kidney damage in diabetic-hypertensive kidney disease.

Ever since Apple introduced its Bluetooth monitoring instruments at its "Spring Loaded" occasion final April, professionals have warned that AirTags may be abused by stalkers and abusers. Once AirTags went on sale, that turned out to be true, with a great number of stories of girls discovering AirTags of their motors or of their handbags. The stories resulted in major nationwide backlash that pushed the corporate to roll out further trustworthy practices features.

With its iOS 15.4 replace this month, Apple added a warning for AirTag customers upon setup that the instruments ought to be used for monitoring items, not people. That warning additionally states that AirTags are linked to a person's Apple ID, and if they're discovered to be utilizing the instruments to trace individuals with out their knowledge, their information might be seen to police. The employer is usually engaged on different new functions to curb utilizing AirTags in shady or outright felony ways. The extraordinary severity of the 1918 pandemic stays unexplained. That the causes of demise included so many various bacteria, alone or in complicated combinations, argues towards specified virulent bacterial clones.

It stays unresolved whether or not cocolonizing, nonpneumopathic higher respiratory–tract organisms reminiscent of Bacillus influenzae play an ancillary role, or are merely harmless bystanders. It is unsure why Hemophilus influenzae was a lot much less outstanding in 1957–1958 and thereafter, however this phenomenon might relate to antibiotic use and conceivably, in current years, to Hemophilus influenzae b vaccination of children. Displayed as an error message within the course of Data Entry and Data Entry Update for univariate discrepant responses; additionally displayed within the Comment subject within the Maintain Discrepancy Database window for univariate discrepancies.

Oracle Clinical ships with a set of default univariate error messages, one for every kind of univariate discrepancy. You can edit the prevailing default and/or create options to be out there to be used in Data Entry, Data Entry Update, and discrepancy management; see "Customizing Default Standard Text Entries". OPA views dcf_rpt_master and dcf_rpt_detail manipulate a lot of the content material and the looks of DCFs. Local codelist DCF REPORT LABELS controls the report's label text.

DCFs additionally embody a number of unchangeable parameters, corresponding to the Revision # and different values that print alongside the underside of every DCF page. Users can override every of those settings of their private profiles until you lock them. If you lock a evaluation standing code, profile customers can't override the profile's default setting.

How To Use Literature Review In Research

The need for comprehensive literature searches is less certain in reviews of qualitative studies, and for reviews where a comprehensive identification of studies is difficult to achieve . Different approaches to literature searching and developing the concept of when to stop searching are important areas for further study . The need for thorough and comprehensive literature searches appears as uniform within the eight guidance documents that describe approaches to literature searching in systematic reviews of effectiveness. Reviews of effectiveness , accuracy and prognosis, require thorough and comprehensive literature searches to transparently produce a reliable estimate of intervention effect.

The belief that all relevant studies have been 'comprehensively' identified, and that this process has been 'transparently' reported, increases confidence in the estimate of effect and the conclusions that can be drawn . The supporting literature exploring the need for comprehensive literature searches focuses almost exclusively on reviews of intervention effectiveness and meta-analysis. Different 'styles' of review may have different standards however; the alternative, offered by purposive sampling, has been suggested in the specific context of qualitative evidence syntheses .

The average number of bibliographic database searched in systematic reviews has risen in the period 1994– but there remains no consensus on what constitutes an acceptable number of databases searched . This is perhaps because thinking about the number of databases searched is the wrong question, researchers should be focused on which databases were searched and why, and which databases were not searched and why. The discussion should re-orientate to the differential value of sources but researchers need to think about how to report this in studies to allow findings to be generalised. Bethel has proposed 'search summaries', completed by the literature searcher, to record where included studies were identified, whether from database or supplementary search methods .

Search summaries document both yield and accuracy of searches, which could prospectively inform resource use and decisions to search or not to search specific databases in topic areas. The prospective use of such data presupposes, however, that past searches are a potential predictor of future search performance (i.e. that each topic is to be considered representative and not unique). In offering a body of practice, this data would be of greater practicable use than current studies which are considered as little more than individual case studies . This review calls for further research to determine the suitability of using the conventional approach.

The publication dates of the guidance documents which underpin the conventional approach may raise questions as to whether the process which they each report remains valid for current systematic literature searching. Defining the key stages in this review helps categorise the scholarship available, and it prioritises areas for development or further study. The supporting studies on preparing for literature searching (key stage three, 'preparation') were, for example, comparatively few, and yet this key stage represents a decisive moment in literature searching for systematic reviews. It is where search strategy structure is determined, search terms are chosen or discarded, and the resources to be searched are selected.

Information specialists, librarians and researchers, are well placed to develop these and other areas within the key stages we identify. Egger et al., and other study authors, have demonstrated a change in the estimate of intervention effectiveness where relevant studies were excluded from meta-analysis . This would suggest that missing studies in literature searching alters the reliability of effectiveness estimates. You will read about 10 articles in detail, a few times more than that you will skim the abstract, introduction, and conclusion, but you will ultimately never read everything. Make the most out of the articles you do read by extracting as many facts as possible from each.

This way, by reading only a small number of articles, you are also reading their citations and synthesis of dozens of other articles as well. Reporting of literature searching is a key area in systematic reviews since it sets out clearly what was done and how the conclusions of the review can be believed . Despite strong endorsement in the guidance documents, specifically supported in PRISMA guidance, and other related reporting standards too , authors still highlight the prevalence of poor standards of literature search reporting . Atkinson et al. have also analysed reporting standards for literature searching, summarising recommendations and gaps for reporting search strategies .

From the guidance, we determined eight key stages that relate specifically to literature searching in systematic reviews. Table 2 reports the areas of common agreement and it demonstrates that the language used to describe key stages and processes varies significantly between guidance documents. A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a specific topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or research methodology have been chosen.

To be precise, a literature review serves to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader. In such case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study. The findings reported above reveal eight key stages in the process of literature searching for systematic reviews. These key stages are consistently reported in the nine guidance documents which suggests consensus on the key stages of literature searching, and therefore the process of literature searching as a whole, in systematic reviews.

Table 2 also summaries the process of literature searching which follows bibliographic database searching. As Table 2 sets out, guidance that supplementary literature search methods should be used in systematic reviews recurs across documents, but the order in which these methods are used, and the extent to which they are used, varies. We noted inconsistency in the labelling of supplementary search methods between guidance documents. When to database search is another question posed in the literature. Beyer et al. report that databases can be prioritised for literature searching which, whilst not addressing the question of which databases to search, may at least bring clarity as to which databases to search first . Paradoxically, this links to studies that suggest PubMed should be searched in addition to MEDLINE since this improves the currency of systematic reviews .

Cooper et al. have tested the idea of database searching not as a primary search method but as a supplementary search method in order to manage the volume of studies identified for an environmental effectiveness systematic review. Their case study compared the effectiveness of database searching versus a protocol using supplementary search methods and found that the latter identified more relevant studies for review than searching bibliographic databases . Eight documents provided guidance on who should undertake literature searching in systematic reviews . The guidance affirms that people with relevant expertise of literature searching should 'ideally' be included within the review team . Information specialists , librarians or trial search co-ordinators are indicated as appropriate researchers in six guidance documents .

Eight key stages to the process of literature searching in systematic reviews were identified. These key stages are consistently reported in the nine guidance documents, suggesting consensus on the key stages of literature searching, and therefore the process of literature searching as a whole, in systematic reviews. Further research to determine the suitability of using the same process of literature searching for all types of systematic review is indicated. Using the annotations in Section 4.2 as a guide, create a spreadsheet or Word table with your annotation categories as columns and each source as new row. For example, I was searching for articles on using a specific educational technique in the literature. I wanted to know whether other researchers found positive results, how big their samples were, and whether they were conducted at a single school or across multiple schools.

I looked through each empirical article on the topic and filled in a summary table. At the end, I could do an easy visual analysis and state that most studies revealed no significant results and that there were few multi-site studies. These tables are similar to those you will find in a systematic review article. What is not clear is the extent to which the guidance documents inter-relate or provide guidance uniquely. The Cochrane Handbook, first published in 1994, is notably a key source of reference in guidance and systematic reviews beyond Cochrane reviews. Since we cannot be clear, we raise this as a potential limitation of this literature review.

On our initial review of a sample of North American, and other, guidance documents , however, we do not consider that the inclusion of these further handbooks would alter significantly the findings of this literature review. The purpose of thorough and comprehensive literature searches is to avoid missing key studies and to minimize bias since a systematic review based only on published studies may have an exaggerated effect size . Felson sets out potential biases that could affect the estimate of effect in a meta-analysis and Tricco et al. summarize the evidence concerning bias and confounding in systematic reviews . Egger et al. point to non-publication of studies, publication bias, language bias and MEDLINE bias, as key biases . Comprehensive searches are not the sole factor to mitigate these biases but their contribution is thought to be significant .

Fehrmann suggests that 'the search process being described in detail' and that, where standard comprehensive search techniques have been applied, increases confidence in the search results . We were able to identify consensus across the guidance on literature searching for systematic reviews suggesting a shared implicit model within the information retrieval community. Whilst the structure of the guidance varies between documents, the same key stages are reported, even where the core focus of each document is different.

We were able to identify specific areas of unique guidance, where a document reported guidance not summarised in other documents, together with areas of consensus across guidance. Once a list of key guidance documents was determined, it was checked by six senior information professionals based in the UK for relevance to current literature searching in systematic reviews. The first step in your research is to determine the specific question, topic or problem that your literature review will focus on (if a topic or question hasn't been provided to you by your lecturer or tutor). This will help you undertake relevant keyword searches in the databases available through your university's library or other appropriate sources. You can also use the reference lists in your course readings to locate relevant source material.

Literature refers to a collection of published information/materials on a particular area of research or topic, such as books and journal articles of academic value. However, your literature review does not need to be inclusive of every article and book that has been written on your topic because that will be too broad. Rather, it should include the key sources highlighting the main debates, trends and gaps in your specific research area. Knowledge production within the field of business research is accelerating at a tremendous speed while at the same time remaining fragmented and interdisciplinary. This makes it hard to keep up with state-of-the-art and to be at the forefront of research, as well as to assess the collective evidence in a particular area of business research.

This is why the literature review as a research method is more relevant than ever. Traditional literature reviews often lack thoroughness and rigor and are conducted ad hoc, rather than following a specific methodology. Therefore, questions can be raised about the quality and trustworthiness of these types of reviews. This paper discusses literature review as a methodology for conducting research and offers an overview of different types of reviews, as well as some guidelines to how to both conduct and evaluate a literature review paper. It also discusses common pitfalls and how to get literature reviews published. This literature review would appear to demonstrate the existence of a shared model of the literature searching process in systematic reviews.

We call this model 'the conventional approach', since it appears to be common convention in nine different guidance documents. How the reporting of the literature searching process corresponds to critical appraisal tools is an area for further research. In the survey undertaken by Radar et al. , 86% of survey respondents (153/178) identified a need for further guidance on what aspects of the literature search process to report . The PRISMA statement offers a brief summary of what to report but little practical guidance on how to report it . The purpose of sources and references is to provide valuable information. Use relevant keywords, and find credible academic references that add value to your research paper and strengthen your position.

Read and evaluate them to understand assumptions made by other researchers, in addition to the methodologies used. Highlight the names of notable experts in your field and list all conflicting opinions in your literature review. Finding models of other literature reviews is essential as it helps you see how others handled similar tasks. Literature reviews can have different types of audiences, so consider why and for whom you are writing your review.

For example, a lot of literature reviews are written as a chapter for a thesis or dissertation, so the audience will want to know in what way your research is important and original. Highlighting the gap in knowledge which your research aims to fill is particularly important in this instance because you need to convince the reader that there is an opening in the area of study. A literature review in a proposal will similarly try to convince the audience of the significance and worthiness of the proposed project. In contrast, when you are writing a literature review for a course, your professor may want you to show that you understand what research has been done, giving you a base of knowledge. In this case, you may not need to focus as much on proving where the gaps in knowledge lie, but rather, that you know what the major areas of study and key ideas are.

A systematic literature review identifies, selects and critically appraises research in order to answer a clearly formulated question (Dewey, A. & Drahota, A. 2016). The systematic review should follow a clearly defined protocol or plan where the criteria is clearly stated before the review is conducted. It is a comprehensive, transparent search conducted over multiple databases and grey literature that can be replicated and reproduced by other researchers.

It involves planning a well thought out search strategy which has a specific focus or answers a defined question. The review identifies the type of information searched, critiqued and reported within known timeframes. The search terms, search strategies and limits all need to be included in the review.

The literature review is a written overview of major writings and other sources on a selected topic. Sources covered in the review may include scholarly journal articles, books, government reports, Web sites, etc. The literature review provides a description, summary and evaluation of each source. It is usually presented as a distinct section of a graduate thesis or dissertation.

Developing a concept map or mind map around your topic can be helpful in figuring out how the facts fit together. We talked about concept mapping briefly in Chapter 2, when we were first thinking about your topic and sketching out what you already know about it. Concept mapping during the literature review stage of a research project builds on this foundation of knowledge and aims to improve the "description of the breadth and depth of literature in a domain of inquiry. Its purpose, like other question refinement methods, is to help you organize, prioritize, and integrate material into a workable research area – one that is interesting, answerable, feasible, objective, scholarly, original, and clear. Over the past few years, numerous studies and research articles have been published in the medical literature review domain.

The topics covered by these researches included medical information retrieval, disease statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this paper, we employ various text mining and data analysis techniques in an attempt to discover trending topics and topic concordance in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules applied to 1945 research articles that had been published between the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and effort required for manually summarizing large-scale amounts of information in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this task, we employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Allocation , in addition to various document and word embedding and clustering approaches.

Findings reveal that since 2010 the interest in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the five most commonly used topics in this domain. This research was conducted with literature review methodfollow Cronin's theory (Cronin et al., 2008). In Table 2, we demonstrate consensus regarding the application of literature search methods.

All guidance documents distinguish between primary and supplementary search methods. Bibliographic database searching is consistently the first method of literature searching referenced in each guidance document. Whilst the guidance uniformly supports the use of supplementary search methods, there is little evidence for a consistent process with diverse guidance across documents. This may reflect differences in the core focus across each document, linked to differences in identifying effectiveness studies or qualitative studies, for instance. The guidance documents summarise 'how to' search bibliographic databases in detail and this guidance is further contextualised above in terms of developing the search strategy.

The host of the database (e.g. OVID or ProQuest) has been shown to alter the search returns offered. Younger and Boddy report differing search returns from the same database but where the 'host' was different . The chapter or section sub-heading for each methodological stage was extracted into a table using the exact language as reported in each guidance document. The lead author then read and re-read these data, and the paragraphs of the document to which the headings referred, summarising section details.

This table was then reviewed, using comparison and contrast to identify agreements and areas of unique guidance. Consensus across multiple guidelines was used to inform selection of 'key stages' in the process of literature searching. The relevant sections within each guidance document were then read and re-read, with the aim of determining key methodological stages.